What's in a Name? You Say Winooski, I Say Onion
The first installment in this series suggested that the settlement south of the mouth of
the Winooski River came to be called "Burlington" because
of a clerical error.
This week, we're tracing the origins of that river's name. And this etymological investigation appears to lead to a marketing ploy by 18th-century real estate speculators.
"The river's name has caused more dispute than any other place name in Vermont," historian Esther Munroe Swift wrote in her 1977 book, Vermont Place Names. Disagreements begin with how to render into English the Algonquin (or Abenaki) word for the 95-mile-long river that rises in Cabot and empties into Lake Champlain.
To Swift, it's "Winooskitook" — which, she tells us, should be pronounced "Weenooskee." Frederick Wiseman, an Abenaki scholar, transliterates the name as "Winosik" in an essay included in The Mills at Winooski Falls, edited by Laura Krawitt. And local historian Vincent Feeney goes with "Winoskitegw" in his 2002 book, The Great Falls on the Onion River: A History of Winooski, Vermont.
These and other historians do agree — more or less — on the English definition of the Abenaki word. Its root means "onion" or "leek," they all say, noting that the tangy bulb once flourished in wild profusion along the river's banks.
Up until the last quarter of the 18th century, the inhabitants of Vermont were apparently content to refer to the river by some variant of "Winooski." French settlers respected the name that had been used by the original Vermonters. Francophones didn't call it "Oignon"; their early maps of Vermont tag the river as "Ouinouski."
By the 1770s, however, it had come to be commonly known as the "Onion River."Early Vermont's dominant clan engineered the name change, Swift suggests.
As Feeney notes in his book, which was published by the Vermont Historical Society, the small settlement alongside the river's falls had emerged around that time as "the center of the Allen family's vast real estate empire."
In addition to battling Brits and Yorkers, Ethan Allen and his bros specialized in flipping properties to make quick profits. And, according to Swift, the wily Allen boys fully understood what's in a name.
"Since the Allens were buying land for resale," she writes in Vermont Place Names, "they would not have wanted to use any name that might remind potential buyers that the French and Indians were still romping around in New England."
"Winooski" wouldn't sell, but "Onion" would, the Allens reckoned. And so they decided to call their real estate agency the Onion River Company.
Feeney offers a more generalized account of the switch. English settlers viewed both the French and the Abenaki with a suspicion that had cultural dimensions, he notes. Anglophones in Vermont were thus keen on "eliminating Abenaki place names," Feeney writes.
"Onion River" remained the prevailing designation for the 75 years or so after Vermont had become, first, an independent republic and, later, a state.
Around 1850, however, "Winooski" returned to fashion, Swift relates, suggesting the reversion resulted from a PR campaign motivated by embarrassment over the English name. "By the mid 19th century," she writes, "some residents of Vermont's capital city were fretting over the fact that their community was known as Montpelier-on-the-Onion."
That handle may even have brought tears to their eyes.
Feeney's explanation for the comeback of "Winooski" isn't as colorful. He attributes it to "romantic nostalgia about the region's Indian past."
The political and cultural connotations having faded, the two names are now used pretty much interchangeably. There's Onion River Sports, for example, as well as the Onion River Co-op, Onion River Chiropractic and Onion River Pottery (which, oddly, is located in Middlebury). The city of Winooski, of course, bears the same name as the river, as do numerous businesses based in Burlington's neighboring burg.
And it turns out that ambivalence over this pair of names has been transplanted well beyond Vermont's borders. James Stone and other Vermonters who moved to Wisconsin in the 19th century gave the name "Winooski" to the town where they settled. But, apparently unwilling to choose sides, they called the river that flows through the town "the Onion."
